Extra+Information

May 11 2011 by: Maria Camila Orjuela

Paper is made from trees, so recycling saves not only trees but forest animals too, as well huge amount of energy and also great quantities of water.

May 11 /2011 by: Isabella Ramirez

Less waste: most of our house hold waste ends up in solid waste landfilds. These huge trash dumps release methane- a greenhouse gas- as they rot. One simple way to cut the methane that is released to reduce the amount of trash you produce, and recycle as much as possible of what is left.

May 11/ 2011 by: Daniela Correa

Book: Global Warming (what can you do?) By: Glenn Murphy From the school´s junior library Published in 2008 by the five mile press pty

Recycling plastic: Workers in China sort different types of plastic before it is send to be recycled. China imports huge amounts of plastic and paper that other countries have thrown away and it turns them into new products.





How can we help at school? Students must be aware, that all the trash they create may be around for a very long time! At school we could use: produced. Using recycled paper helps prevent the destruction of forests which are very important because the trees in the forest help to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere so it reduces contamination.
 * B**ooks and note pads made from recycled paper which take 70 to 90 percent less energy to be

May 16 2011 by: Ma Camila O
 * Use less paper[[image:http://156.98.19.245/images/usedpaper.jpg width="128" height="300" align="right"]] **

Even though we recycle much of the paper we use, it is still a significant part of what we throw in the trash. Think about all of the paper you've thrown away that only had writing on one side. Those pieces of paper could have been used a second time, potentially cutting your paper use in half. Also, by buying paper and notebooks that contain recycled paper, you complete the recycling loop and create less waste.
 * Example:** Make room in your classroom or at home to put paper that has only been used on one side. Use that pap[[image:http://156.98.19.245/images/diskette_sm.jpg width="125" height="125" align="left"]]er for notes, or feed the blank side into your printer for draft documents. You can also make scratch pads out of that single-sided paper by binding one side. Can you "go paperless?" Ask your teacher if you can hand in assignments on a computer disk or via e-mail instead.
 * Benefits:** Because paper and packaging make up such a large part of our garbage, by using less paper you can reduce up to 40 percent of the trash that is thrown away.

May 17 2011 by: Daniela Correa

Reducing waste is to reduce the amounts of materials that have to be thrown away by implementing different actions such as:
 * What is reducing waste?**

-Reuse paper by both sides -Buying bigger packages of food, and repack them in plasticcontainers so instead of needing to throw away many small packages, you would only need to throw one away. -Only printing when it´s necessary -Send circulars by Email

Reduce, reuse and recycle waste, are an important and resposible consumer behaviour.

May 17 2011 by: Daniela Correa

Reducing plastic waste is the way to stop using so much plastic which has to be thrown away and contaminate the environment. It´s to decrease the amount of plastic wastes we generate, to save energy and natural recources.
 * What is reducing plastic?**

For example, some ways to reduce the unnecessary use of plastic are:

- Have sufficient clean water fountains with good taste so students dont have to bring or buy water bottles - Avoid selling products with plastic packages - Recycle plastic bottles, bags etc - if you use plastic bottles, refill them - Have your water or juices in thermos - Reuse your plastic packages



May 18 2011 by:maria camila o

**Production of the plastic**

There are a variety of methods used to process plastic. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages and are better suited for specific applications. These methods include: injection molding, blow molding, thermoforming, transfer molding, reaction injection molding, compression molding, and extrusion.

** Injection Molding ** The main method used for processing plastic is injection molding. With this process, the plastic is placed into a hopper. The hopper then feeds the plastic into a heated injection unit, where it is pushed through a long chamber with a reciprocating screw. Here, it is softened to a fluid state. A nozzle is located at the end of the chamber. The fluid plastic is forced through the nozzle into a cold, closed mold. The halves of the mold are held shut with a system of clamps. When the plastic is cooled and solidified, the halves open and the finished product is ejected from the press. Thermosetting materials usually are not processed with injection molding because they will soften, they harden to an infusible state. If they are processed with injection molding, they need to be moved through the heating chamber quickly so they do not set ** Blow Molding ** Blow molding is used when the plastic item to be created needs to be hollow. A molten tube is created with blow molding by using compressed air, which blows up the tube and forces it to conform to the chilled mold. Variations of blow molding include injection, injection-stretch, and extrusion blow molding. With injection blow molding uses a perform, which is taken to a blow mold and filled with compressed air. As a result, it conforms to the interior design of the blow mold. With injection-stretch blow molding, the plastic is stretched prior to being formed. Otherwise, it is essentially the same as the injection process. With continuous-extrusion, a molten plastic tube is continuously created. At the appropriate times, the tube is pinched between two mold halves. Then, a needle or a blow pin is inserted into the tube and blows compressed air up the part in order to force it to conform to the mold interior. With accumulator-extrusion, the molten plastic material is gathered in the chamber before it is forced through a die in order to form a tube.

** Thermoforming ** Thermoforming uses a plastic sheet, which is formed with the mold by applying air or through mechanical assistance. The air pressure used can be nearly zero psi, or several hundred psi. At 14 psi, which is equivalent to atmospheric pressure, the pressure is created by evacuating the space between the mold and the sheet. This is known as vacuum forming.

Transfer molding is generally used only for forming thermosetting plastics. It is similar to compression molding because the plastic is cured into an infusible state through pressure and heat. Unlike compression molding, however, transfer molding involves heating the plastic to a point of plasticity prior to being placed into the mold. The mold is then forced closed with a hydraulically operated plunger. Transfer molding was initially developed as a method for molding intricate products, such as those with many metal inserts or with small, deep holes. This is because compression molding sometimes disturbed the position of the metal inserts and the holes of these types of products. With transfer molding, on the other hand, the liquefied plastic easily flows around the metal parts without causing them to change position.
 * Transfer Molding **

Reaction injection molding, or RIM, is one of the newer processes used in the plastics industry. It differs from liquid casting in that the liquid components are mixed together in a chamber at a lower temperature of only about 75 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit before it is injected into a closed mold. Here, an exothermic reaction occurs. As a result, RIM requires less energy than other injection molding systems. Reinforced RIM, or R-RIM, involves adding materials such as milled or chopped glass fiber in the mixture in order to increase the stiffness
 * Reaction Injection Molding **

** Compression Molding ** Compression molding is the most common process used with thermosetting materials and is usually not used for thermoplastics. With this process, the material is squeezed into its desired shape with the help of pressure and heat. Plastic molding powder and other materials are added to the mix in order to create special qualities or to strengthen the final product. When the mold is closed and heated, the material goes through a chemical change that causes it to harden into its desired shape. The amount temperature, amount of pressure, and length of time utilized during the process depends on the desired outcome.

May 18 2011 by: Daniela Correa

The recources that are use to create paper are:
-wood, -sawmill waste, -energy regeneration, -paper pulp, -and coater.

All this important materials are wasted to make paper.

But wood (trees) is not only used to create paper, also to make: -Houses -Fuel -Constructions -Tools -Weapons -Furniture -Carbon And more... So there is even more trees wasted, but if we help reduce the waste of trees in paper, we could reduce the waste of trees in general.

How can we help at school to reduce all this important materials waste? Note pads and books that are made from recycled paper, take 90 to 70 percent less energy to make it. When recycled paper is used, it helps prevent the destruction of the important forests which are extremely important because they remove carbon dioxide from our atmosphere.

May 22/ 2011 by: Isabella ramirez

What resources are used to create paper: **Raw Materials ** Oil and natural gas are the major raw materials used to manufacture plastics. The plastics production process often begins by treating components of crude oil or natural gas in a "cracking process." This process results in the conversion of these components into hydrocarbon monomers such as ethylene and propylene. Further processing leads to a wider range of monomers such as styrene, vinyl chloride, ethylene glycol, terephthalic acid and many others. These monomers are then chemically bonded into chains called polymers. The different combinations of monomers yield plastics with a wide range of properties and characteristics. **Plastics ** Many common plastics are made from hydrocarbon monomers. These plastics are made by linking many monomers together into long chains to form a polymer backbone. Polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene are the most common examples of these. Below is a diagram of polyethylene, the simplest plastic structure. Even though the basic makeup of many plastics is carbon and hydrogen, other elements can also be involved. Oxygen, chlorine, fluorine and nitrogen are also found in the molecular makeup of many plastics. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) contains chlorine. Nylon contains nitrogen. Teflon contains fluorine. Polyester and polycarbonates contain oxygen